http://dspace.ncl.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1986/3233/Khilafat%20and%20Malookiat%20-%20a%20critical%20analysis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
The Malookiat system was initially opposed by Muslim scholars and theologians, who considered it as a form of jahiliyyah (ignorance) and a threat to the unity and solidarity of the Islamic ummah. However, with the rise of Muslim dynasties and empires, such as the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans, the Malookiat system gained acceptance and became a dominant form of government in the Islamic world. khilafat o malookiat pdf english
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The conflict between Khilafat and Malookiat arose from the question of legitimacy and authority. The Khilafat institution claimed to derive its authority from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Muslim community, whereas the Malookiat system claimed its authority from traditional and customary practices. Let me know if you'd like me to